The Indonesian language
and how it is written

Where Indonesian ranks

Indonesian is the 9th most-spoken language in the world by total speakers ^[1,2]. Here it is among its neighbours in the ranking, on one scale.

“How are you?” in Indonesian

The design of Latin alphabet

An alphabet: separate letters for consonants and vowels, written left to right. The Romans took it from a Greek alphabet by way of the Etruscans^[5], and it is now the most widely used script in the world^[6]. Most languages that use it add marks or extra letters for their own sounds^[7].

Alphabet. One letter for each consonant and vowel.

Kind

Alphabet

Direction

Left to right

Took shape

By the 7th century BCE in central Italy

Line of descent

Egyptian hieroglyphs → Proto-Sinaitic → Phoenician → Greek → Etruscan → Latin

Traditional surface

Parchment and vellum

Own digits

No — uses the Western 0–9

Also writes

English Englishespañol Spanishfrançais Frenchportuguês PortugueseDeutsch GermanNaijá Nigerian PidginTiếng Việt VietnameseKiswahili SwahiliHausa HausaTürkçe TurkishTagalog Tagalog (Filipino)ꦧꦱꦗꦮ Javaneseitaliano ItalianYorùbá Yoruba

• Two alphabets in one

  Capitals come from the square capitals the Romans carved in stone^[8]; small letters come from Carolingian minuscule, a rounded book hand standardised in Charlemagne's empire in the late 8th century^[9]. Writing with both is called case, and software has to know which pairs belong together^[7].

• Built to be extended

  Rather than inventing new letters, most languages bolt marks onto old ones: é, ñ, ç, ş, ọ. Unicode encodes many as single letters and also as a base letter plus a combining mark, so the same word can be stored two ways^[7].

• Gothic or roman

  Through the Middle Ages much of Europe wrote and printed in blackletter. German kept its Fraktur style for everyday print far longer than its neighbours, until the 20th century^[10].

• A language chosen, not inherited

  Indonesia picked Malay, the regional trade language, over Javanese, the language with the most native speakers, as its national language^[3,4].

Explore the letters

Indonesian's relatives among the 38

Indonesian belongs to the Austronesian family (Malayo-Polynesian). These are the other languages with 50 million or more speakers in the same family; the closest — in the same branch — come first.

• TagalogTagalog (Filipino)Same branch: Malayo-Polynesian · 87M
• ꦧꦱꦗꦮJavaneseSame branch: Malayo-Polynesian · 69M

Indonesian across the hub

The main page compares all 38 languages. Each link opens it on Indonesian.

• Preview it in the explorer →with all 38 side by side
• Hear it in the voice tour →“How are you?” in every language, spoken in turn
• Trace its script's family tree →from the first alphabets and Chinese oracle bones
• Compare its digits →ten ways to write 0–9
• See its share of speakers →an interactive breakdown by script, family and region

Sources

1. Ethnologue — What are the top 200 most spoken languages? (2026)
2. Wikipedia — List of languages by total number of speakers (Ethnologue 2026 figures, retrieved October 2026)
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica — Indonesian language
4. Encyclopaedia Britannica — Javanese (people and language)
5. Encyclopaedia Britannica — Alphabet (writing)
6. Omniglot — Latin alphabet
7. The Unicode Standard 17.0, chapter 7: Europe-I (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic)
8. Omniglot — Classical Latin alphabet
9. Omniglot — Carolingian minuscule
10. Omniglot — Fraktur
11. Omniglot — Phoenician alphabet
12. Omniglot — Useful phrases in Indonesian

Checked October 25, 2026. Speaker numbers are Ethnologue's 2026 estimates, which count each language separately (Arabic and Chinese varieties are listed one by one). Maps shade whole countries, not regions within them. Found an error? Tell us.